The path and multi-level dependencies of three second-tier European cities–challenges to local social inclusion efforts

We present a distinct picture of the capacity of municipalities to act when faced with the challenges of migrants’ social inclusion, by applying the combined lens of path dependency and multi-level dependency to three second-tier European cities: Cluj-Napoca (Romania), Bologna (Italy), and Halle/Saale (Germany). Based on expert interviews, the case-oriented research addresses facets of local social inclusion policies: the adaptation to migration-related heterogeneity, the provision of services through funds, and the targeting of vulnerable mobile EU citizens. Against the background of intertwined local and supra-local path dependencies, the analysis shows that social inclusion policies are limited due to NGO outsourcing and the short-term nature of policy interventions. The dependencies within the fragmented multi-level governance have adverse effects at the local level and preserve power inequalities in three ways, as elaborated in this article. It, therefore, contributes to the ongoing debates on migration-related institutional challenges and urban governance.