The expiration of the time for performance generally causes termination of the contract only if the due performance has been executed. If, on the one hand, the legal system binds to the performance of the debtor the extinction of the original debt; on the other hand, it binds to the non-performance the constitution of a new liability obligation, to be added to the already existing one, without extinguishing it. Such discipline shall not apply if the time for performance – uselessly expired – may be “considered essential” in the interest of the creditor. In this case, Art. 1457 of the Italian Civil Code provides that the creditor, who intends to demand performance of the obligation notwithstanding the expiration of the time for performance, must so “notify the other party within three days”. In the absence of such notice, the contract is deemed “terminated by operation of law”. This provision has long time raised two issues: the one of the “notice”, which – if given within three days – allows to pretend anyway the performance; and the one of the performance executed later than three days, as acknowledged by the prevalent case-law. In both cases this paper examines the relevance of the execution of a performance related to an obligation apparently extinguished.
Il decorso del termine fissato per l’adempimento – pendente il quale risulta ristretto il fascio degli effetti ricondotti all’accordo – di regola determina lo scioglimento del rapporto soltanto ove accompagnato dall’esecuzione della prestazione dovuta: se al contegno adempiente del debitore l’ordinamento rannoda la vicenda estintiva dell’originario obbligo, all’inadempimento è ricondotta la vicenda costitutiva di un nuovo obbligo risarcitorio, che si aggiunge a quello già esistente senza estinguerlo. Tale disciplina incontra una limitazione nelle ipotesi in cui il termine, che inutilmente decorra, debba “considerarsi essenziale” nell’interesse del creditore. In questo caso l’art. 1457 c.c. consente al creditore, che voglia esigere l’esecuzione della prestazione nonostante la scadenza del termine, di “darne notizia all’altra parte entro tre giorni”, dovendosi intendere il rapporto, in assenza della notizia, “risoluto di diritto”. La disposizione richiamata solleva da tempo due questioni: quella della “notizia”, che se data entro tre giorni dalla scadenza del termine consente di esigere ugualmente l’esecuzione della prestazione; e quella dell’adempimento, posteriore anche al decorso dei tre giorni, ammesso dalla tuttora prevalente giurisprudenza. In entrambe le ipotesi, ci si chiede come possa reputarsi rilevante l’esecuzione di una prestazione oggetto di un’obbligazione che parrebbe ormai estinta.
Accordi sul termine
Proto M
2019-01-01
Abstract
The expiration of the time for performance generally causes termination of the contract only if the due performance has been executed. If, on the one hand, the legal system binds to the performance of the debtor the extinction of the original debt; on the other hand, it binds to the non-performance the constitution of a new liability obligation, to be added to the already existing one, without extinguishing it. Such discipline shall not apply if the time for performance – uselessly expired – may be “considered essential” in the interest of the creditor. In this case, Art. 1457 of the Italian Civil Code provides that the creditor, who intends to demand performance of the obligation notwithstanding the expiration of the time for performance, must so “notify the other party within three days”. In the absence of such notice, the contract is deemed “terminated by operation of law”. This provision has long time raised two issues: the one of the “notice”, which – if given within three days – allows to pretend anyway the performance; and the one of the performance executed later than three days, as acknowledged by the prevalent case-law. In both cases this paper examines the relevance of the execution of a performance related to an obligation apparently extinguished.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.