In order to promote a contract’s proper fulfillment and predetermine the remedies which might be available in event of non-performance, at the time of conclusion of the contract the parties may provide that one of them gives to the other an amount of money or other fungible goods by way of earnest money deposit. In that case, when the tradens fulfills his obligations, then the accipiens shall consider either the received goods as benefits due, or return as many goods of the same kind as those received. At the same time, in case of non-performance of one party, the non-breaching party shall have three options: to withdraw and withhold the earnest money (or ask for the double of the amount if the party who received the earnest money deposit is the breaching one); to request the performance; to request for the termination of the contract – without prejudice, in the latter two cases, to the damages which may be claimed. The choice must be assessed in relation to the demonstrable suffered damages: the non-breaching party may discard the first option if considers it would be able to demonstrate that the damage suffered is more considerable than the earnest money’s amount, even at the risk of obtaining a compensation lower than the earnest money, in which case the earnest money would not represent the minimum level of guaranteed compensation. Notwithstanding the apparent clarity of the applicable law, the business practice has revealed considerable difficulties in applying the rules; and the solutions from Courts have not always been uniform. On the contrary, according to the steadfast – at least so far – interpretation of the Supreme Court of Cassation, the provisions of Art. 1384 of the Italian Civil Code relating to the power of the judge to reduce the penalties’s amount are not analogically applicable to the earnest money clause; a reduction could therefore be admitted if the reached agreement – regardless of the nomen iuris given to it by the parties – is qualified as a liquidated damages clause.
Le parti di un contratto – al fine di promuoverne la puntuale esecuzione, individuando in via preventiva i rimedi esperibili per l’inadempimento – possono stabilire che, al momento della stipulazione, una di esse consegni all’altra, a titolo di caparra confirmatoria, una somma di danaro o altre cose fungibili. In tal caso, all’adempimento del tradens consegue l’obbligo, in capo all’accipiens, di imputare le cose ricevute alla prestazione dovuta o di restituirne altrettante dello stesso genere. Contestualmente, alla parte che subisca l’altrui inadempimento è offerta una triplice scelta rispetto al contratto: recedere e trattenere la caparra (ovvero esigerne il doppio se inadempiente è la parte che l’ha ricevuta); domandare l’esecuzione; domandare la risoluzione: conservando, nelle due ultime ipotesi, il diritto al risarcimento del danno. La scelta è da valutare in relazione al pregiudizio dimostrabile: il contraente deluso potrà scartare la prima strada qualora reputi di essere in grado di provare un danno di entità superiore alla misura della caparra, correndo dunque il rischio di conseguire un risarcimento più limitato rispetto ad essa, che non ne costituirebbe, in quel caso, la misura minima. Nonostante l’apparente linearità della disciplina, la pratica degli affari ne ha scoperto significative difficoltà applicative; e le soluzioni offerte dai giudici non sono sempre uniformi. È invece costante – almeno fino ad oggi – l’orientamento della Suprema Corte, che reputa non applicabile analogicamente, alla caparra confirmatoria, la norma racchiusa nell’art. 1384 c.c. in tema di riducibilità della penale ad opera del giudice; riducibilità che potrebbe allora ammettersi solo qualificando il patto intercorso – indipendentemente dal nomen iuris usato dalle parti – come clausola penale.
Clausola di caparra confirmatoria
Proto M
2017-01-01
Abstract
In order to promote a contract’s proper fulfillment and predetermine the remedies which might be available in event of non-performance, at the time of conclusion of the contract the parties may provide that one of them gives to the other an amount of money or other fungible goods by way of earnest money deposit. In that case, when the tradens fulfills his obligations, then the accipiens shall consider either the received goods as benefits due, or return as many goods of the same kind as those received. At the same time, in case of non-performance of one party, the non-breaching party shall have three options: to withdraw and withhold the earnest money (or ask for the double of the amount if the party who received the earnest money deposit is the breaching one); to request the performance; to request for the termination of the contract – without prejudice, in the latter two cases, to the damages which may be claimed. The choice must be assessed in relation to the demonstrable suffered damages: the non-breaching party may discard the first option if considers it would be able to demonstrate that the damage suffered is more considerable than the earnest money’s amount, even at the risk of obtaining a compensation lower than the earnest money, in which case the earnest money would not represent the minimum level of guaranteed compensation. Notwithstanding the apparent clarity of the applicable law, the business practice has revealed considerable difficulties in applying the rules; and the solutions from Courts have not always been uniform. On the contrary, according to the steadfast – at least so far – interpretation of the Supreme Court of Cassation, the provisions of Art. 1384 of the Italian Civil Code relating to the power of the judge to reduce the penalties’s amount are not analogically applicable to the earnest money clause; a reduction could therefore be admitted if the reached agreement – regardless of the nomen iuris given to it by the parties – is qualified as a liquidated damages clause.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.