Intensified Total Neoadjuvant Therapy Versus Intensified Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis

Background/Aim: To compare clinical outcomes following intensified total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) and intensified neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). Patients and Methods: Of the 79 patients with LARC admitted to our department, 51 received intensified neoadjuvant CRT (CRT group) and 28 received intensified TNT (TNT group). Intensified TNT was defined as multi-agent chemotherapy, including FOLFOXIRI regimen plus bevacizumab (mutated Ras-BRAF) or panitumumab/cetuximab (wild-type Ras-BRAF) followed by oxaliplatin-5-fluorouracil-based CRT and surgery. Kaplan–Meier and Log rank test were used for survival analysis. Survival rates of the two groups were compared using propensity score matching. Results: Data from 28 TNT patients and 28 CRT patients were analyzed after a 1:1 propensity matching with replacement. Kaplan–Meier curve showed that overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS) and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) rates with TNT were comparable to those with CRT. The 5-year DMFS rates for TNT and CRT were 61.5% versus 63.0% (p=0.82), respectively. In the TNT group, 32.1% patients (n=9) achieved pathological complete response (pCR), whereas 21.4% patients (n=6) achieved pCR with CRT (p=0.37). Conclusion: Intensified TNT and CRT resulted in similar survival outcomes, while intensified TNT led to higher pCR, albeit not statistically significant.