3D evaluation of maxillary morphology in Marfan growing subjects: a controlled clinical study

Background: Marfan syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant inherited disease of the connective tissue associatedwith various craniofacial abnormalities. Aim of the present study was to assess the variability of palatal shape in asample of 31 Marfan patients compared to a control group of no syndromic subjects, in two stages of dentition, byusing 3D geometric morphometric analysis.Methods: Thirty one growing subjects with Marfan syndrome were selected and divided into two subgroups: MG1with mixed dentition (10 M, 6F, mean age 7+/− 0.7 years), MG2 with permanent dentition (8 M, 7F, mean age13+/− 0,5 years). Each subgroup was compared to a control group (CG1 mixed dentition, 9 M, 7F, mean age7.6+/− 0.5 years; CG2 permanent dentition, 9 M, 6F, mean age 12.8+/− 0.7 years) matched on age, sex distribution,stage of dentition and skeletal maturation. Then the two subgroups were compared one to each other. For eachpatient maxillary dental casts were taken, scanned and digitized. 3D geometric morphometric methods were applied.Procrustes analysis was used and principal component analysis was performed to reveal the main patterns of palatalshape variation.Results: Both Marfan subgroups showed important reductions in the transversal plane associated with a deep palatalvault when compared to the control groups (MG1 vs CG1 P = 0,003; MG2 vs CG2 P = 0,07). Moreover a statisticallysignificant difference between the palatal shape of MG1 and MG2 was found (P = 0.017) showing a significantworsening of palatal depth and constriction from mixed to permanent dentition in Marfan subjects.Conclusion: Marfan subjects showed a specific palatal morphology with maxillary constriction and deeper palatal vaultwhen compared to a control group of healthy subjects. The constriction and the depth of the palatal vault in Marfanpatients worsen from mixed dentition to permanent dentition more then in no syndromic subjects.