Impact of mandibular condylar fractures on masticatory muscle function: a narrative reviews

Mandibular condylar fractures are common in maxillofacial trauma and can significantly affect both bone structure and masticatory muscle function. This review explores these fractures’ biomechanical and functional consequences, focusing on their impact on masticatory muscles and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) function. The condylar region is particularly vulnerable due to its role as a fulcrum in jaw movement, making it susceptible to indirect forces from impacts, such as blows to the chin or lateral face. These fractures disrupt muscle coordination, decrease chewing efficiency, and lead to long-term neuromuscular adaptations. The review synthesizes research on the pathophysiology of condylar fractures, highlighting changes in muscle activity, such as compensatory overuse of contralateral muscles and atrophy of the injured side. It also discusses advanced diagnostic tools, including electromyography (EMG), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic jaw tracking, for evaluating the functional impact of these injuries. Intermaxillary fixation (IMF) and open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) are reviewed as structural and functional recovery treatment strategies. The importance of rehabilitation, including physical therapy and neuromuscular reeducation, is emphasized. Finally, the review addresses the long-term challenges of chronic TMJ dysfunction and muscle imbalance, suggesting further research into regenerative medicine and personalized rehabilitation for better outcomes. This review provides an overview of condylar fractures, offering insights into current practices and future research directions.