Oral piercings: risks, complications, and health implications: a narrative review

Body piercings, particularly those performed in the oral cavity, have become increasingly popular due to their aesthetic appeal and cultural significance. While oral piercings, including those on the tongue, lips, and other intraoral sites, are often considered safe, they are associated with a range of potential complications. These can be categorized into local and systemic complications, with short-term and long-term consequences for oral and general health. Local complications may include immediate issues such as bleeding, swelling, mucosal damage, and taste alterations, often resulting from poor procedural technique or inadequate post-operative care. Long-term complications, such as gingival recession, enamel fractures, and dental mobility, have been linked to continuous trauma from the piercing jewelry, particularly in the case of tongue piercings. Additionally, systemic complications, including bacterial infections that can lead to conditions like endocarditis and septic arthritis, have been reported, especially in individuals with predisposing medical conditions. The risks of allergic reactions, including nickel hypersensitivity and the transmission of bloodborne infections in non-sterile environments, further exacerbate the potential harm associated with oral piercings. This review aims to comprehensively analyze the available literature regarding the complications of oral piercings, emphasizing the importance of proper hygiene, post-procedural care, and informed decision-making. Dental professionals play a crucial role in educating patients about these risks to mitigate adverse outcomes and enhance the overall safety of oral piercing procedures.