The choice of Caesarean section between clinical indication and patient autonomy: The physician between rock and hard place

Rationale, Aims and Objectives: Caesarean delivery carries a higher risk of short- and long-term complications for both mother and baby than vaginal delivery. However, over the past two decades, data show a considerable increase in requests for Caesarean sections. This manuscript analyses the case of Caesarean Section on maternal request without a clinical indication from a medico-legal and ethical perspective. Method: Medical associations and bodies databases were searched for published guidelines and recommendations on the use of caesarean sections on maternal requests. As derived from the literature, medical risks, attitudes, and reasons for this choice have also been summarized. Results: International guidelines and medical associations recommend strengthening the doctor-patient relationship by setting up an information process to make the pregnant woman understand the danger of Caesarean delivery without clinical indications and to make her consider whether she can survive natural childbirth. Conclusion: Caesarean section on maternal request and without clinical indications is an emblematic case of how the physician could be between two opposing interests. Our analysis shows that if the woman's rejection of natural birth persists and clinical indications for Caesarean delivery are lacking, the physician must respect the patient's choice.